The end of peace.

Margaret MacMillan, author of the block buster book Paris 1919, came out with a new book, The War That Ended Peace. It Is about the first world war that ended the peace that had endured through most of the nineteenth century and into the beginning of the twentieth century. However, I'm wondering how peaceful were things if it ended in a world war? 

One of McMillan's arguments is that WWI was not necessarily inevitable, that it didn't have to happen. Well, I don't think it was a random event or an accident. It happened for a reason. The world, especially Europe, had reached a tipping point centered around issues that nations were incapable of addressing in a peaceful or political manner. As a result unresolved tensions had built up. The result was a violent confrontation between nations and societies, like that of tectonic plates crashing into each other, releasing tension, eventually causing a seismic event. 

Wars are made up of underlying currents like the weather, with a number of hidden factors converging into a major event. One of the main factors converging that initiated WWI was the old order in Europe that resisted change and wouldn't or couldn't reform, such as on issues of imperialism, patriarchal hierarchies, political nepotism, and economic disparities, some of the many stubborn intransigencies that wouldn't budge without force. The political will to change was not there. There was also an ingrained indifference and detachment among world leaders that needed upending. I believe there was a hidden tinderbox of factors that led to the war that haven't been properly examined. For instance, global politics was still in its infancy and poorly connected, perpetuating an order whose attitude and ability was not oriented to or keeping up with changing world events. In other words, because Europe and the rest of the world was still so politically immature, the inevitability was war.

I remember the same argument made about The Cold War, that it wasn't inevitable and could have been avoided. Again, I find that naive, for if it hadn't been a Cold War it certainly would have been a hot one, as some had tried to make it. Its political tension was a learning and discovery period for the world, a time of establishing a mutual world order on how it would eventually be governed. It was a cold war and not a hot one because of the lessons that had been learnt from the previous two world wars, that such wars are too catastrophic and untenable. Those wars not only helped forge the political skills of today but act as deterrents to future wars.

These stages in Civilization are development ones. The world has developed and progress through conflicts. Wars and conflicts are irrational but the world has rarely progressed through rational means. One of the rational exceptions was the creation of the United Nations and the world's participation in it. But that too was only after the fact of the world acting irrationally in two world wars.

When I think of war and politics I think of the idea that politics is war by other means. Politics is certainly preferable to wars. Politics can get mean and nasty but it doesn't take lives or draw blood like wars do. But wars occur because of an absence of meaningful political engagement. Such a void in meaningful and engaging politics, I argue, is what ushered in and  permitted the first world war to occur. If the political engagement that transpired during The Cold War had been practiced prior to the first world war I don't believe it would have occurred. Engaging in politics connects people while engaging in war divides them.

The world has not completely rid itself of wars. There are still regional wars like those we see in the Middle East and in particular Syria. A major reason for these conflicts is that the region has not yet sufficiently matured for the modern world or developed the political gravitas or networks to prevent wars, like has developed in many other parts of the world. 

MacMillan is right, the first world war wasn't inevitable, by todays standards. But the world then was less sophisticated and less aware of itself. Today the world tries harder to deter wars through political, diplomatic means such as occurred recently with Syria in ridding it of chemical weapons in a peaceful manner rather than bombing into submission like some hawks wanted. 

Recently I was reminded of something Winston Churchill said that is relevant here, “To jaw, jaw is always better than war, war”. He said that in 1954, addressing the growing adversarial relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States. I think his words were influential in getting the United States to engage the Soviet Union in politics and detente rather than go to war with it, which at the time was a great possibility.

"A picture is worth a thousand words."

I have given myself a challenge to write a thousand words  or more on the picture I displayed above. Nothing like a challenge to get one motivated. However, I am a bit apprehensive about coming up with a thousand words to describe a picture. 

The picture was taken early in the morning, Wednesday morning to be precise, November 6, 2013, about 6am. But it is hard to tell what time of day it is by the lighting, since it is artificial lighting. The lighting is from halogen bulbs. There are two such bulbs shining on this particular scene. At this time of year, when it is cooler, the heat generated by those bulbs is not felt as much as it is during the hot, humid summer months. I have also incorporated  some LED bulbs into the mix of lighting I have on the set.  But at times I find the light they give off too harsh and daylighty. LED bulbs, though, are quite cool to the touch in comparison to ordinary bulbs. They use far less electricity, up to 80% less. Some of the LED bulbs I have tried give off a very cool blue sort of light that can give a picture taken under them a very eerie, spooky look. 

Some of you must be wondering where this picture is and where it was taken. It is a picture of my train set, N scale, started by yours truly more than 35 years ago in the basement of the house where I live. It is located in the old coal room. The photograph was taken by a little black digital camera made by Canon. The photo was enhanced a bit on my computer. These small digital cameras have made such picture taking possible. They get right up close and personal, in your face, so to speak. The technology is amazing since one can be more inventive and less discriminating with what one takes with them because they cost so little to use. Years ago I used to think it would be great to have a tiny camera to follow the train around, as though I was walking around the set myself. Well, that day has come, where you can get right down and personal with your subject, without a lot of equipment or the expense of developing a lot of prints that you might not want. Because of what I have saved on picture taking I have more money to spend on other things, like more equipment for my train.

One of the things that is most noticeable in the picture is the railroad viaduct to the right hand side. It is one of the first things I built. For some reason I like viaducts. They are large and impressive. It probably has something to do with my interest in architecture. The side of the viaduct was built of tiny bricks cut from lengths of balsa wood, cut into tiny rectangles to resemble bricks. The bricks were glued onto a thin masonite surface with small gaps between them so that a mortar could be pored between them. The mortar I used was Polyfilla from a tube, a compound I just pushed between the cracks. The weathered and gray look you see on the side of the viaduct I accomplished with a blowtorch, just passing the flame lightly and quickly over the surface so as not to burn the balsa wood to much. The compound filler I used had an alcohol base that gave a nice burn to the surface, just like a brandy set alight on a Christmas pudding would do. The rocks you see behind the viaduct are pieces of a smashed-up concrete block. The little stones you also see in the background, in the middle and to the far right of the photo, is kitty litter, which my cat thought was for his used and thus proceeded to use it.

There appears to be an added layer on top of the viaduct. That is true. It happened like that because I raised the hight of the track. The added hight gave me more flexibility, to add an additional layer of track. There are three depths of tracks on my set. What you see in the photograph is about two and a half  layers. 

You may notice the color of the locomotive and the rolling stock behind it. They are orange with gray tops. That is the colors of the Union Pacific railroad, one of the largest American railroads. All my locomotives are of the Union Pacific order. I have wondered why. Why did I pick Union Pacific? I am thinking I liked the color orange.  By the way, I notice that orange has been a big color in haute couture and fashion this year, from orange handbags to sunglass frames to shoes, and dresses.

The picture doesn’t fully show it but my model train layout is ringed by mountains. I obviously like mountains. I was inspire by the landscape of Switzerland, which I visited the year before I started building my layout. I was really taken by the contrast between the railways and mountains in Switzerland, the contrast being much like that between civilization and nature.  My mountains are made from plaster applied on screening, the material that is used to make window screens. To form them I stapled the screen to contoured wood forms that I fastened to the super structure. I often bulked up the mountains by stuffing the inside of the screening with newspaper. Before the plaster was completely dry I would shape it a bit by denting it. And after it was try I would carve it with a chisel as though it was excavated by machinery. To color the mountains and give them a weathered look I used a combination of paints from water based ones to oil based ones. They say that oil and water don’t mix. Nevertheless, they produce and interesting visual effect when they are forced to mix. On my first train layout I construct the mountains out of paper mache. 

What else can I say about the picture? Well, it sure looks inviting.  I just want to jump into it and wonder around in it, because it looks so real.  

The vegetation on the layout is lichen. It gives quite a realistic effect of plant growth, don’t you think? (At this point I have reached just over a thousand words. It wasn’t as hard as I thought.) 

  

"A picture is worth a thousand words." 

I was thinking of putting that axiom to the test. Maybe someday.